Статуя свиньи из краеведческого музея в Мартвили
Аннотация
Выдающимся представителем колхидского художественного производства является бронзовая фигура свиньи (VIII-VII вв. до н.э.) из краеведческого музея г. Мартвили. Статья посвяена комплексному изучению этого уникального памятника и обсуждению культа свиньи (кабана) в дохристианской Грузии. Статуя выделяется экспрессивным пластическим решением, с четким фаллическим характером. Исследование включает в себя сравнительный анализ археологических, этнологических и иконографических материалов, который подтверждает широкое распространение культа свиньи в дохристианской Грузии и его тесную связь с культов Великой Матери, с ритуалами плодородия и очищения. Уделено внимание аналогичным материалам, обнаруженным в Грузии – на археологических памятниках Вани, Нареквави, Армазисхеви, Арагвиспири, Згудера и др., где изображения свиньи связаны с религиозно-ритуальными практиками и митраизмом. В стастье рассмотрен генезис культа свиньи, его связь с колхидско-греческой мифологией (миф о Кирке) и последующая трансформация в хриситанскую эру. Исследование подтверждает мнение, что фигура из Мартвили являлась элементом культового штандарта и была изготовлена в местной мастерской, она выражает синтез особенностей культуры Колхиды и восточногреческих традиции.
Библиографические ссылки
Abakelia N. Symbol and Ritual in Georgian Culture. Tbilisi 1997. (In Geo)
Abakelia N. Traces of mystery religions in the Georgian mytho-ritual system - Near Eastern collection XIV,. Tbilisi 2011, pp. 47-61. (In Geo)
Apakidze A., Gobejishvili G., Kalandadze A., Lomtatidze G. 1955: Mtskheta, archaeological research - the results of the search (ed. G. Chubinashvili), vol. I. Tbilisi 1955, pp. 1-253. (In Geo)
Apakidze A., Nikolaishvili V., Kifiani G., Sikharulidze A., Gyunashvili G., Gavasheli E., Glonti N., Kapanadze M. Narekvavi, I. Tbilisi 1999. (In Geo)
Beriashvili M., Skhirtladze Z. To understand the narrative images of the Trialeti silver cup - Proceedings of the Kakheti Archaeological Expedition VI. Tbilisi 1971, pp. 133-153. (In Geo)
Braundi D., Javakhishvili k., Nemsadze G. Treasures from Qekkeri, elite tombs from Caucasian Iberia in the Roman period 200-250 AD. Tbilisi 2009. (In Geo)
Gagoshidze I. Georgia and "Greek-Persian" ships. Iberia-Kolkheti - archaeological-historical researches of classical and early medieval period of Georgia, (G. Gamkrelidze.). Tbilisi 2009, pp. 14-19. (In Geo)
Gagoshidze I., Gagoshidze G. 2014: Silver Cup from Cheremiskhevi, Journal of the National Museum of Georgia, V (50-B). Tbilisi 2014, pp. 341-350. (In Geo)
Gogochuri G., Berdzenishvili I. Takhi/Pig Cult in Georgian Archeology and Ethnoculture – “Moambe” of the National Museum of Georgia, V (50-B). Tbilisi 2014, pp. 10-37. (In Geo)
Gordeziani R. Argonauts, BMS, Logos. Tbilisi 1999. (In Geo)
Erkomaishvili M. The Kirke Myth and its Interpretation in Ancient Literature. Tbilisi 2002. (In Geo)
Kerami K. Gods, Monsters and Scientists. Tbilisi 1972. (In Geo)
Lortkipanidze M. Kolkheti V-III centuries B.C. Printing-seals. Tbilisi 1975. (In Geo)
Lortkipanidze Ot. City of Vani. Vani, I (ed. Ot. Lortkipanidze). Tbilisi 1972, pp. 7-42. (In Geo)
Lortkipanidze Ot. Vani "Okhromravali" is the oldest religious center of Kolkheti. Tbilisi 1995. (In Geo)
Maisuradze B., Pantskhava L. 1984: The chapel of Shilda. Tbilisi 1984. (In Geo)
Makalatia S. Jege-Misaroni Cult in Ancient Georgia. Tbilisi 1938. (In Geo)
Mshvildadze M. Rome and Eastern Religions. I-III centuries AD. Tbilisi 2005. (In Geo)
Nemsadze G. 1964-1966 by the archaeological expedition of Chekeri. Results of the conducted work. SSMAE, (ed. Al. Javakhishvili). Tbilisi 1969, pp. 45-57. (In Geo)
Nikolaishvili V., Shatberashvili V. Skhalti settlement and cemetery. Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan South Caucasus Pipeline and Archaeology in Georgia (ed. G. Gamkrelidze). Tbilisi 2010, pp. 432-433. (In Geo)
Ramishvili R. New archaeological discoveries in the Aragvi valley, “Dzeglis Megobari”, N39. (ed. Ot. Lortkipanidze). Tbilisi 1975, pp. 7-15. (In Geo)
Ramishvili K. Hunting scenes on Aragvispiri silver statues - Searches, N3, Journal of the Archaeological Research Center of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (Ot. Lortkifanidze ed.). Tbilisi 1999, pp. 71-75. (In Geo)
Sulava N. 2010: On the spread of “fantastic” animal images on bronze objects, Searches in Georgian Archaeology, N19. Tbilisi 2020, pp. 154-157.
Sulava N., Kalandadze N. Archaeological and technological study of some supporting artifacts of the Late Bronze Age chronology (semi-circular absinthes, quamil axes, standards according to the materials of Samtavro and Brilli cemetery), Academy, N6-7. Tbilisi 2005. (In Geo)
Sulava N., Agapishvili T., Pataridze M., Chagelishvili R., Bukhsianidze M., Gogashvili D., Koridze I., Mamardashvili G., Bakradze I., Kirtadze N., Surmava N., Khelaia T., Kalandia T. The Martvili Museum of Local Lore. Tbilisi 2014. (In Geo)
Putkaradze T. Introduction to Georgian Studies. Tbilisi 2014. (In Geo)
Kobalia A. Megrelian dictionary. Tbilisi 2010. (In Geo)
Tsanava R. The Mythical Face of Kirke and Georgian Hunting Deities. Georgian folklore, XII,. Tbilisi 1982, pp. 117-136. (In Geo)
Chilashvili L. The Ancient Georgian Inscriptions of Nekresi and Issues in the History of Georgian Writing. Tbilisi 2004. (In Geo)
Chkonia An. Gold jewelry from the village of Vani. Vani, Vol. VI. (ed. Ot. Lortkipanidze). Tbilisi 1981.
Khidasheli M. Graphic Art of Central Transcaucasia in the Early Iron Age. Tbilisi 1982.
Apollonius of Rhodes 1964: Argonautics, IV G. Tsereteli's translation. Tbilisi 1964. (In Russ.)
Abakelia N. Myth and Ritual in Western Georgia. Tbilisi 1991. (In Russ.)
Vekua A. Fauna of Eastern Georgia in the Eneolithic based on the materials of the Arukhlo settlement (VI-IV millennium BC). Man and its environment, (ed. T. Chubinashvili). Tbilisi 1984, стр. 91-122. (In Russ.)
Homer: Odyssey X: 133-574. (In Russ.)
Lortkipanidze Ot., Puturidze R., Matiashvili N., Kvirkvelia G., Chkonia A., Pirtskhalava M., Kipiani G., Inauri G. Archaeological investigations of the Van settlement, PAI in 1987. Tbilisi 1995. (In Russ.)
Lukonin V.G. Culture of Sasanian Iran. Moscow 1969. (In Russ.)
Machabeli K. Late Antique Toreutics of Georgia. Tbilisi 1976. (In Russ.)
Nikulina. Art of Ionia and Achaemenid Iran. Moscow 1994. (In Russ.)
Urushadze N. Ancient Georgian plastic art. Tbilisi 1988. (In Russ.)
Sadradze V. Archaeological Sites of Mtskheta the Great, Middle Bronze Age. Issues of chronopodia and periodization of the Shida Kartli ramyats. Tbilisi 1993. (In Russ.)
Farmakovsky F. Archaic period in Russia, MAP, no. 34. Moscow 1916. (In Russ.)
Fry R. The Legacy of Iran. Moscow 1972. (In Russ.)
Boardman J. Greek gems and finger rings, Early Bronze A to Age to Late Classical. London 1970.
Furtwangler A., Gagoshidze I., Lohr H., Ludwig N. Iberia and Rome – The excavations of the palace at Dedoplis Gora and the Roman influence in the Caucasian Kingdom of Iberia. Langenweibbach 2008.
Description of tables:
Tab. I-1. Pig statue (profile), bronze, VIII-VII centuries BC. From the the Martvili Museum of Local Lore.
Tab. I-2. The same sculpture from the side of the abdomen.
Tab. I-3. The same statue in Anfas.
Tab. I-4. Pig statue, bronze, BC year VI-V centuries. Narekvavi, # 41 tomb.
Tab. I-5. Cross-legged pendant figure of boar, gold, Armaziskhevi, Tomb #6.
Tab. I-6. Bracelet decorated with sculptural images of boar, gold, V century BC, Vani, Burial #11.
Tab. I-7. Diadem with scene of attack of lions and boar, gold, V-IV centuries BC. Vani, tomb #6.
Tab. I-8. Signet ring, Farakiani, silver, BC. year Second half of the 4th century, Van, # 19 luxurious tomb.
Tab. II-1. Relief head of boar on the base of a silver bowl, VI-VII centuries AD. Cheremiskhevi, accidental discovery.
Tab. II-2. A gilded cross on the bottom of the Chaliskhevi.
Tab. II-3. The scene of the hunting of boars on the silver jar, III century AD. Aragvispiri, # 13 tomb.
Tab. II-4. The scene of boar and dog fights on the bottom of a silver pinak, III century AD. Zguderi, # 2 wooden sarcophagus.
Tab. II-5, 6. Boars hunting scenes on bone plates from Dedoplis Gori, I century AD.
Tab. II-7. Two tombs buried parallel to each other, Late Hellenistic tombs, undisturbed.
Tab. III-1. A scene of a divine hunt for stags and deer on the Bronze Belt, 2nd century VIII-VII centuries BC. Tlia Cemetery, tomb # 76.
Tab. III-2. "Fantastic creature" and the scene of the divine hunting of deer and goats by the trio of heroes, year VIII-VII centuries BC. Samtavro necropolis, Tomb # 211.
Tab. III-3. "Fantastic animal" image on Etruscan shields, VIII-VII centuries BC..
Tab. III-4. The image of boar on a silver ring shield, IV century BC. Vani, tomb #19.
